Sabtu, 20 Oktober 2007

Breast Cancer

Epidemiology and Prevalence of Breast Cancer in the US
Breast cancer is the second leading cancer-related cause of death among American women, accounting for approximately 40,000 deaths each year.[1]

Incidence rates for breast cancer in women have increased:
Since 1980, breast cancer incidence rates have steadily risen, due partly to historical changes in reproductive patterns and perhaps to an increase in the prevalence of obesity and the use of postmenopausal hormone therapy.[2] Other yet-to-be-identified environmental factors also may have played a role in the phenomenon. The most rapid increase—3.7% per year—occurred from 1980 to 1987.[2] The increase in incidence rates have slowed considerably since then, to 0.4% per year.[2] However, a recent report has suggested a decline in annual age-adjusted incidence of 8.6%. This was evident only in women older than 50 years and in cancers that were estrogen-receptor positive.[3]

78% of all breast cancers are invasive breast cancer.[4]

(Note: The American Cancer Society (ACS) estimates cases in women by 2005: 211,240 (IBC cases) + 58,490 (in situ cases) = 269,730 (total incident cases). 211,240 divided by 269,730 X 100 = 78%)
· In the US, it is estimated that 178,480 new cases of invasive breast cancer will be diagnosed in women in 2007[5]
· 78% of all breast cancers are invasive breast cancer (IBC). (Note: The American Cancer Society [ACS] estimates cases in women by 2005: 211,240 [IBC cases] + 58,490 [in situ cases] = 269,730 [total incident cases].)[4]
· The National Cancer Institute's SEER cancer statistics from 1975 to 2004 show that the longer a woman lives, the greater her risk of developing breast cancer[6] because it is the sum of individual risk at various ages. The longer a woman lives without breast cancer, the less likely it is that she will get it by a certain age.[7]

Breast cancer mortality and survival rates
· After lung cancer, breast cancer is the second-leading cancer-related cause of death in women in the US[4]
· Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in women in the US aged 40-59 years[1]
· The 5-year relative survival rates are[4]:
o 98% for local disease (confined to the breast)
o 81% for regional disease (extends beyond the breast)
o 26% for distant-stage or metastatic disease
· Early diagnosis equals better prognosis[8]

The 5-year relative survival rate is lower among women with a more advanced stage of disease at diagnosis.[4]


References
1. CA Cancer J Clin. 2004;54:8-29.
2. Association of Professors of Gynecology and Obstetrics. Breast cancer prevention, diagnosis, and treatment: the expanding role of the Ob/Gyn. Available at: http://www.apgo.org/elearn/APGO_BC_Monograph.pdf. Accessed January 5, 2007.
3. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:1670-1674.
4. American Cancer Society. Breast Cancer Facts & Figures 2005-2006. Available at: www.cancer.org/downloads/STT/CAFF2005BrF.pdf. Accessed January 12, 2007.
5. American Cancer Society. Breat Cancer Facts & Figures 2007. Available at: http://www.cancer.org/downloads/STT/CAFF2007PWSecured.pdf. Accessed March 12, 2007.
6. National Cancer Institute. SEER Cancer Statistics Review 1975-2004. Table IV-14. Available at http://seer.cancer.gov/cgi-bin/csr/1975_2004/search.pl#results. Accessed June 28, 2007.
7. National Cancer Institute. FactSheet. Probability of breast cancer in American women. Available at: http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Detection/probability-breast-cancer. Accessed June 12, 2007. Obstet Gynecol. 2003;101:821-831.

Jumat, 05 Oktober 2007

IKHLAS 2

Tahapan Ikhlas menurut Imam Ghozali ada 3 tahap :
  1. Tidak Ikhlas : Dimana seseorang setelah mengerjakan sesuatu hal, orang lain masih diberitau apa yang dikerjakannya. Masih menghina Orang lain atau juga Masih membicarakan orang lain tentang sesuatu hal.
  2. Belajar Ikhlas : Hanya dirinya yang tau. Atau koreksi dirinya sendiri.
  3. Ikhlas : Orang lain dan dirinya sendiri tidak tau apa yang habis dikerjakan.

Mari kita berdo'a :

" Ya Allah, Ya Rahman Ya Rokhim, berikanlah hidayahMu kepada hambaMu yang selalu berbuat dholim ini"

Kamis, 04 Oktober 2007

KELELAWAR

Ada seorang anak kecil yang lugu bertanya kepada bapaknya diwaktu berjalan-jalan pagi karena melihat seekor kelelawar. "Pak, mengapa kelelawar itu terbang tak tentu arah? Bahkan ada yang menabrak pohon?Bukankah kelelawar itu penglihatannya tajam dan jeli,bahkan ditempat gelap. Tetapi mengapa sekarang terbangnya tak tau arah?"
"Nak, mereka itu adalah binatang malam,penglihatannya jelas pada malam hari dan kabur pada siang hari,bahkan tidak bisa melihat lagi walaupun hari sudah terang benderang seperti sekarang ini.."
"Ah, kenapa kelelawar itu begitu aneh pak..?"
"Nak, saya pernah mendengar cerita dari pak ustadz,kelelawar itu di ciptakan ALLAH seperti itu agar manusia mengambil pelajaran darinya. Betapa banyak manusia yang buta dan tidak bisa melihat, ketika saat mereka justru dalam keadaan terang benderang,ketika sehat,ketika banyak rezeki,ketika gembira...tetapi ketika mereka sedang sakit,sedang rezekinya sedang menurun, atau ketika sedang gelap,barulah nampak nikmat ALLAH yang begitu besar".

Rabu, 03 Oktober 2007

IKHLAS

Ada seorang anak bercerita tentang temannya disekolah kepada bapaknya, "Bapak tadi temenku memberi permen pada saya, kemudian temenku cerita-cerita kepada temenku yang lain pak,sampai-sampai satu sekolah tau kalau aku diberi permen,kok gitu ya pak temenku,memberi permen satu aja satu sekolah tau semua.."
Bapaknya berkata "Nak,kalau kamu jangan seperti itu ya, kalau kamu memberi sesuatu pada temenmu dengan tangan kanan buat tangan kirimu serasa tidak tau kalau kamu tadi memberi,itu namanya ikhlas..."